Milky Slug

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I often find these creatures around the edges of my garden on rainy Winter days. They are most often under rocks, logs or tarps. I suspect that they get flooded out of their burrows and surface for a bit before going back underground.

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This species is almost exclusively restricted to cultivated areas, usually in open habitats, meadows, near roadsides, in ruins, gardens and parks – but it is not found in forests.

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Also known as the Grey Field Slug or Grey Garden Slug, it is native to northern Europe, North Africa, and the Atlantic Islands. It was introduced into North America and now occurs across the continent. It is most common in southern Canada and the northern United States.

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Like many of its relatives, the Milky Slug is active at night. During the day it remains concealed in the ground. It does not burrow, but uses existing crevices and worm holes. After dark, it climbs onto vegetation to feed.

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It is wide-ranging in its diet, consuming beans, celery, corn, broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, kale, radish, turnips, pumpkin, squash, lettuce, peas, spinach, and more.

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When at rest, its body is contracted and the tentacles are retracted. When disturbed, it exudes white mucus over its entire body, leading to its common name.

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Slugs are hermaphrodites; every slug is born with both male and female reproductive parts and any slug is capable of laying eggs; self-fertilization can also occur.

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Spiny Puffball

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While walking across the field of cut grass across the street from where I live, I noticed small white clusters of objects with an interesting texture on the ground. Puffballs are a type of fungus featuring a ball-shaped fruit body that (when mature) bursts on contact or impact, releasing a cloud of dust-like spores into the surrounding area.

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Initially white in color, these puffballs turn a dark brown as they mature, at the same time changing from nearly round to somewhat flattened. Puffballs range widely in size and appearance — from tiny species that grow in clusters on wood, to large, terrestrial species growing in fairy rings in meadow.

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The fruit bodies are edible when young, when the interior is white and firm and before it has turned into a powdery brown mass of spores. Laboratory tests have shown that extracts of the fruit bodies can inhibit the growth of several types of bacteria that are pathogenic to humans.

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Spiny Puffball is usually found growing in tight clusters in grass, often in disturbed-ground areas like ditches – but also sometimes appearing on woodchips in landscaping areas. It is most often seen in late Summer and Fall. This species is widely distributed in North America.

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With a Latin Name of Lycoperdon echinatum, the specific epithet echinatum comes from the Greek word echinos meaning “hedgehog” or “sea-urchin.”

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Snapping Turtles Under Ice

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On occasion, while hiking on the Ohio & Erie Canal Towpath in the Winter, I’ll see a Common Snapping Turtle under the ice. Aquatic turtles and frogs often spend their hibernation months submerged under water.

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The Common Snapping Turtle is the largest turtle in Ohio. Large specimens may weigh more than 35 pounds and have a carapace (top shell) more than 14 inches long.

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When there are warm spells and the surface ice melts, turtles and amphibians can become active for a bit before the cold weather sets back in and they go back under water – sometimes for weeks.

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If approached on land, these reptiles defend themselves with their quick and powerful jaws. If approached in the water, they use their large webbed feet to turn to the deep and propel themselves to safety. Though they are capable of movement when under ice, though they tend to exist in “slow motion.”

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Many aquatic turtles have specialized bladders near the cloaca that can facilitate gas exchange; this is called cloacal or enteral respiration. Having access to actual air is therefore not always necessary, especially when the animals are inactive.

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This process that involves gas exchange uses a liquid to deliver oxygen to the body through the rectum. The liquid, called a perfluorocarbon, is loaded with more oxygen than water and is absorbed by the lower intestine. This method has been shown to help rodents and pigs survive low-oxygen conditions.

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Nature has evolved some fascinating survival strategies and to see herps under ice waiting out the Winter cold is always a neat experience.

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Lesser Angle-winged Katydid

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This was another neat creature that I came across while visiting the Land of Lincoln. It is found in the tops of broad-leaved trees in the eastern United States, from Long Island to southern Illinois and eastern-most Texas.

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The Lesser Angle-winged Katydid belongs to a subfamily called False Katydids. It doesn’t sing “Katy did, Katy didn’t,” like similar looking species. Instead, its song consists of two or three short rattles in sequence, often phrased in such a way that each rattle sounds like a comment in response to the preceding one.

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The diet of most Katydids includes leaves, flowers, bark, and seeds – but many species are exclusively predatory, feeding on other insects, snails, or even small vertebrates such as snakes and lizards.

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Mainly nocturnal, like its relative the Greater Angle-wings Katydid, it may be attracted to lights. When Katydids go to rest during the day, they enter a roosting posture to maximize their cryptic qualities. This position fools predators into thinking the insect is either dead or just a leaf on the plant.

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It was neat to come across this cool and well-camouflaged creature while on my travels.

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Bitter Sneezeweed

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While hiking in Mingo National Wildlife Refuge in Missouri, I noticed this familiar-looking flower. Though rather than being tall, like the six foot plus Autumn Sneezeweed in my backyard, it was growing low to the ground.

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This upper-branching native annual reaches 10 to 20 inches tall. The entire plant has a strong odor and is bitter to the taste. The leaves are narrow and located alternately on the stem.

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A member of the Sunflower Family, Bitter Sneezeweed has showy flowers that are noticeable in the late Spring or Summer and are located at the end of each branch. Each bloom has about eight petals that often bend downward at maturity.

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This genus is primarily found growing in sandy soils in the southeastern to southcentral United States, from Virginia to Florida west to Missouri, Kansas and Texas.

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With a Latin Name of Helenium amarum, the genus name comes from the Greek name helenion, which honors Helen of Troy. It is unclear as to the relevance of Helen of Troy to the within genus of plants which are exclusively native to North and South America.

Bitter Sneezeweed’s species name, amarum means “bitter” in Latin. Also known as “Bitterweed,” this plant is named in reference to it containing a toxic substance which causes milk to taste bitter when cows graze on its foliage.

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The common name of “sneezeweed” is reportedly in reference to the former snuff-like use of the dried and powdered flowers of this plant by members of some Native American tribes for treatment of blocked sinuses.

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Grass Pickerel

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I caught this very fine fish in a minnow trap while visiting southern Illinois in October. At an average size of about a foot long, it looks like a miniature version of its relative, the Northern Pike.

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The Grass Pickerel occurs primarily in the sluggish, vegetated waters of pools, lakes and wetlands. It is the most common and widely distributed pike in Missouri and Illinois.

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Like other pikes, it has a duckbill-shaped snout, a large mouth with many sharp teeth, and a single dorsal fin. Its back and sides are olive or yellowish brown, and often barred or mottled with a darker color. A dusky bar angles downward and slightly backward from the eye.

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This species hunts by ambush, darting out to seize prey from a place of concealment. Young Grass Pickerel eat small crustaceans, amphipods, isopods, and young aquatic insects. Larger examples eat small fish, crayfish, and dragonfly nymphs.

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Its sleek, muscular, torpedo-shaped body, with fins positioned in the back for quick bursts of speed, are perfect adaptations for its lie-in-wait predatory habits and are worthy of admiration.

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Soybean Looper

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While visiting a nature center in Missouri, I noticed a few of these moths resting on the outside of the building. This species is attracted to light at night and often sticks around until the following morning.

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This insect is small, with a wingspan ranging 1 to 1-1/2 inches and is mottled brown to black in color. It is robust in body shape. This moth’s forewings possess silvery white spots, which can be used to distinguish it from similar-looking moths.

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Soybean Looper caterpillars form loops, or rings, with their bodies as they crawl across stems and branches. The wide rear end is brought up right behind the head, bending the body into a complete circle, just before the head stretches forward again. They feed voraciously on the leaves, stems, and even the pods of their food plants, which include soybeans, goldenrod, lettuce, sweet potato and peanut. Other host plants include cotton, tomato, and tobacco.

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This insect’s main habitat is fields and cultivated land. Adults are avid pollinators, drawn to flowers by their vibrant colors and distinct shapes. While feasting on pollen, they inadvertently transfer it, aiding in the reproductive process of plants. Their interaction with flowers is crucial for the ecosystem, and Soybean Loopers (as well as other moths) serve as unsung heroes of plant pollination.

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The Soybean Looper is known as “Falso Medidor” in north-eastern Mexico. It is found from southern Quebec and southern Ontario through the eastern and southern part of the United States to South America.

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Golden Scalycap

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While hiking along the edge of a swamp in southern Illinois last month, these very colorful mushrooms with their golden yellow hues caught my eye.

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This species is perhaps the most noticeable member of its genus. It grows in large clusters on live trees, snags, and logs of conifers and hardwoods – most commonly Beeches.

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The cap is sticky when young, and bears dark brown or reddish-brown scales that contrast with the yellow cap color.

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Having the scientific name Pholiota adiposa, Pholiota means “scaly” and adiposa comes from the Latin word “adeps” which means lard or grease in reference to the texture of the caps.

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Like other mushrooms, Golden Scalycap serve as decomposers in ecosystems, breaking down organic matter from dead plants and animals and recycling nutrients back into the soil. They play a crucial role in the carbon cycle.

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With its striking golden-brown caps and intricate scales, the Golden Scalycap presents a visual spectacle in an otherwise dark swamp and made for a neat encounter on my trip.

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Southern Painted Turtle

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While visiting Mingo National Wildlife Refuge in southeast Missouri last month, I observed several of these fine reptiles basking. This species was officially recognized as a separate species from other Painted Turtles in 2014.

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The Southern Painted Turtle is a small, colorful aquatic turtle with an olive brown to almost black shell, featuring a prominent yellow, orange, or red lengthwise stripe down its center. The adult upper shell length is 4–5 inches, occasionally reaching 6 inches.

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This reptile is often found in the quiet water of shallow swamps, slow-moving streams, sloughs, oxbow lakes, and occasionally drainage ditches with aquatic vegetation and soft bottoms. Its preferred habitat is wetlands embedded within bottomland forest dominated by Water Tupelo, Bald Cypress, and Oak.

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The Southern Painted Turtle’s diet consists mainly of aquatic insects, snails, crayfish, and plant material, with duckweed and algae also readily consumed. Younger individuals consume more animal matter in their compared to adults.

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Their range is the midwestern and southeastern parts of the United States, stretching from Texas to Florida and up to southern Illinois. Finding these completed my quest to find all four types of Painted Turtles (Eastern, Midland, Western and Southern) in the wild.

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Overcup Oak

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This tree is native to lowland wetlands in the eastern and south-central United States and in all the coastal states from New Jersey to Texas, inland as far as Oklahoma, Missouri, and Illinois.

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Its common name refers to its acorns that are mostly enclosed within the acorn cup. This is a medium to large-sized deciduous tree, growing as tall as 150 feet, with typical height of 80 feet. The trunk averages 30 inches in diameter. It is slow-growing and often takes 25 to 30 years to mature.

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Overcup Oak occurs in wet bottomland forests bordering swamps and in valleys with floodplain forests bordering rivers. This tree is adapted to use seasonal floodwaters as a way to float its acorns to new sites for dispersal. The cap that covers each seed is very corky, which causes the acorns to float.

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This species is unique among the White Oaks in that their acorns exhibit a prolonged dormancy. Normally, acorns of the various White Oaks germinate in the Fall, not long after they are shed from their parent trees. However, living in areas prone to flooding would make germinating at that time of year a risky endeavor. As such, Overcup Oak acorns lay dormant for months until environmental cues signal that enough time has passed.

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The species is known to provide both food and habitat for a range of wildlife. Its acorns can be eaten by small mammals and birds such as squirrels and Wild Turkey. Trees in general create their own small habitats upon their surfaces and with their shade. Countless insects creep around on the bark. Many plants, including wildflowers, can only survive among the leaf litter on a shaded forest floor.

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Overcup Oak’s Latin Name Quercus lyrata, and the species name lyrata, means “lyre-shaped” referring to the shape of this tree’s leaves.

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